In the day the land and sky were made, there was no grass upon the ground and all the grain had yet to grow, for Yahweh had not rained on the land, nor were there humans to work the earth, though a mist would rush up over the land and soak the face of the earth. The god Yahweh crafted the earthling, dust of the earth, and puffed in his nose a breath of life; thus the earthling became a living human. Yahweh planted a garden, eastward in Eden, and there he placed the human he crafted. And he grew from the ground all trees that please the sight and are good to eat, with the tree of life in the garden’s center and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. 

A river would flow through Eden, where it watered the garden, splitting from there into four streams. The name of the first was Pishon, which circles through the land of the Havilah, awash with gold and lavish gems. The name of the second was Gihon, which snakes throughout the land of Cush. The name of the third was Tigris, which runs east of Assyria. And the fourth river was the Euphrates.

The god Yahweh took the human and set him in the garden of Eden to work it and guard it, and he charged him as follows: “from all trees of the garden you may certainly eat, but from the tree of knowledge of good and evil you may not—for on the day you eat of it, you must certainly die.”

Yahweh said, “there’s no good in the human being alone, I should make him a helper who's like him.” So, the god Yahweh crafted from the earth all animals of the field and all birds of the sky and brought each to the human to see what he called them—and whatever the human called a living being is its name. The human gave names to all of the beasts, all birds of the sky, and all animals of the field, but he found no helper like him. So, the god Yahweh cast a trance on the human and he slept, as the god took one of his ribs, closed the flesh beneath it, and built the rib he took from the human into a woman. When he brought her before the human, the human said:

“This is the one—

Bone of my bones,

Flesh of my flesh.

This one is woman:

From man was this taken.” 

And so a man leaves his father and mother, and clings to his wife, and they become one flesh. The two of them were naked—the human and his wife—but they were not ashamed. 

 

Now, the snake was craftier than all the animals of the field the god Yahweh had made, so he said to the woman, “even though a god said, ‘do not eat from the garden’s trees’—” 

But the woman said, “we may eat from the garden’s trees! Only regarding the fruit of the tree in the garden’s center did the god say, ‘do not eat from it and do not touch it, or else you will die.’”

And the snake said, “—you will not certainly die! Rather, the god knows that on the day you eat from it, your eyes will be uncovered and you will be like gods, knowing good and evil.”

Now the woman saw: the tree was good to eat, enticing to the eyes, pleasing for its insight. She took of its fruit, and she ate. She gave to her man, who was with her, and he ate. Then their eyes were uncovered and they knew they were naked, so they sewed fig leaves and made themselves loincloths.

Listening, they heard the god Yahweh strolling the garden with the evening’s wind. The human and his wife hid from Yahweh amidst the trees, so he called out to the human, “where are you?”

He said, “I heard you in the garden, and I was afraid because I am naked, so I hid.”

He said, “who told you that you are naked? The tree I commanded you not to eat from—have you eaten from it?”

The human said, “the woman you gave me—to be with me—she gave me from the tree, and I ate.”

Yahweh said to the woman, “what have you done?”

The woman said, “the snake tricked me, and I ate.” 

 

The god Yahweh said to the snake, “Because you have done this, you are cursed more than all the animals and beasts:

Slide on your belly,

Eat dust all your life.

I am planting a hatred

Between you and the woman— 

Between your seed and hers—

He will crush your head,

But you will crunch his heel.”

To the woman, he said:

“I grow and grow your pains and pangs—

In pain, you will bear children.

And you will desire your man,

But he will rule over you.”

And to the man, he said, “since you listened to your wife and ate of the tree regarding which I charged you, ‘do not eat from it’:

Because of you, the earth is cursed—

You’ll eat with pain for all your days.

Thorns and thistles alone will grow

When you eat from the grass of the field.

By the sweat from your nose, you’ll eat your bread,

Until you return to the earth,

As from it       you were taken.

Because—

you are dust,

And to dust you will return.” 

 

Now the human named his wife Eve, since she would be the eve of all life. The god Yahweh made hide tunics for the human and his wife and he dressed them. And he said, “look!—the human has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, so he does not reach out and take from the tree of life as well, and eat and live forever . . .” The god Yahweh sent him from the garden of Eden to work the earth from which he was taken. He banished him, settling east of Eden the Cherubs and the flaming, swirling sword to guard the way to the tree of life.

בְּיוֹם עֲשׂוֹת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶרֶץ וְשָׁמָיִם׃ וְכֹל  שִׂיחַ הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִהְיֶה בָאָרֶץ וְכׇל־עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִצְמָח כִּי לֹא הִמְטִיר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים עַל־הָאָרֶץ וְאָדָם אַיִן לַעֲבֹד אֶת־הָאֲדָמָה׃ וְאֵד יַעֲלֶה מִן־הָאָרֶץ וְהִשְׁקָה אֶת־כׇּל־פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה׃ וַיִּיצֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן־הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה׃ וַיִּטַּע יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים גַּן־בְּעֵדֶן מִקֶּדֶם וַיָּשֶׂם שָׁם אֶת־הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר יָצָר׃ וַיַּצְמַח יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים מִן־הָאֲדָמָה כׇּל־עֵץ נֶחְמָד לְמַרְאֶה וְטוֹב לְמַאֲכָל וְעֵץ הַחַיִּים בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן וְעֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע׃ 

     וְנָהָר יֹצֵא מֵעֵדֶן לְהַשְׁקוֹת אֶת־הַגָּן וּמִשָּׁם יִפָּרֵד וְהָיָה לְאַרְבָּעָה רָאשִׁים׃ שֵׁם הָאֶחָד פִּישׁוֹן הוּא הַסֹּבֵב אֵת כׇּל־אֶרֶץ הַחֲוִילָה אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם הַזָּהָב׃ וּזְהַב הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא טוֹב שָׁם הַבְּדֹלַח וְאֶבֶן הַשֹּׁהַם׃ וְשֵׁם־הַנָּהָר הַשֵּׁנִי גִּיחוֹן הוּא הַסּוֹבֵב אֵת כׇּל־אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ׃ וְשֵׁם הַנָּהָר הַשְּׁלִישִׁי חִדֶּקֶל הוּא הַהֹלֵךְ קִדְמַת אַשּׁוּר וְהַנָּהָר הָרְבִיעִי הוּא פְרָת׃

     וַיִּקַּח יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם וַיַּנִּחֵהוּ בְגַן־עֵדֶן לְעׇבְדָהּ וּלְשׇׁמְרָהּ׃ וַיְצַו יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים עַל־הָאָדָם לֵאמֹר מִכֹּל עֵץ־הַגָּן אָכֹל תֹּאכֵל׃ וּמֵעֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע לֹא תֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכׇלְךָ מִמֶּנּוּ מוֹת תָּמוּת׃ וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים לֹא־טוֹב הֱיוֹת הָאָדָם לְבַדּוֹ אֶעֱשֶׂה־לּוֹ עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ׃ וַיִּצֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים מִן־הָאֲדָמָה כׇּל־חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה וְאֵת כׇּל־עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וַיָּבֵא אֶל־הָאָדָם לִרְאוֹת מַה־יִּקְרָא־לוֹ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר יִקְרָא־לוֹ הָאָדָם נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה הוּא שְׁמוֹ׃ וַיִּקְרָא הָאָדָם שֵׁמוֹת לְכׇל־הַבְּהֵמָה וּלְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְכֹל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה וּלְאָדָם לֹא־מָצָא עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ׃ וַיַּפֵּל יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים  תַּרְדֵּמָה עַל־הָאָדָם וַיִּישָׁן וַיִּקַּח אַחַת מִצַּלְעֹתָיו וַיִּסְגֹּר בָּשָׂר תַּחְתֶּנָּה׃ וַיִּבֶן יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים  אֶת־הַצֵּלָע אֲשֶׁר־לָקַח מִן־הָאָדָם לְאִשָּׁה וַיְבִאֶהָ אֶל־הָאָדָם׃ וַיֹּאמֶר הָאָדָם

זֹאת הַפַּעַם

עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי

וּבָשָׂר מִבְּשָׂרִי

לְזֹאת יִקָּרֵא אִשָּׁה

כִּי מֵאִישׁ לֻקְחָה־זֹּאת׃

עַל־כֵּן יַעֲזׇב־אִישׁ אֶת־אָבִיו וְאֶת־אִמּוֹ וְדָבַק בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ וְהָיוּ לְבָשָׂר אֶחָד׃ וַיִּהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם עֲרוּמִּים הָאָדָם וְאִשְׁתּוֹ וְלֹא יִתְבֹּשָׁשׁוּ׃

 

וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם מִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה אַף כִּי־אָמַר אֱלֹהִים לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מִכֹּל עֵץ הַגָּן׃

     וַתֹּאמֶר הָאִשָּׁה אֶל־הַנָּחָשׁ מִפְּרִי עֵץ־הַגָּן נֹאכֵל׃ וּמִפְּרִי הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ־הַגָּן אָמַר אֱלֹהִים לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא תִגְּעוּ בּוֹ פֶּן־תְּמֻתוּן׃

     וַיֹּאמֶר הַנָּחָשׁ אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה לֹא־מוֹת תְּמֻתוּן׃ כִּי יֹדֵעַ אֱלֹהִים כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכׇלְכֶם מִמֶּנּוּ וְנִפְקְחוּ עֵינֵיכֶם וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים יֹדְעֵי טוֹב וָרָע׃

     וַתֵּרֶא הָאִשָּׁה כִּי טוֹב הָעֵץ לְמַאֲכָל וְכִי תַאֲוָה־הוּא לָעֵינַיִם וְנֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל וַתִּקַּח מִפִּרְיוֹ וַתֹּאכַל וַתִּתֵּן גַּם־לְאִישָׁהּ עִמָּהּ וַיֹּאכַל׃ וַתִּפָּקַחְנָה עֵינֵי שְׁנֵיהֶם וַיֵּדְעוּ כִּי עֵירֻמִּם הֵם וַיִּתְפְּרוּ עֲלֵה תְאֵנָה וַיַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם חֲגֹרֹת׃

     וַיִּשְׁמְעוּ אֶת־קוֹל יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים מִתְהַלֵּךְ בַּגָּן לְרוּחַ הַיּוֹם וַיִּתְחַבֵּא הָאָדָם וְאִשְׁתּוֹ מִפְּנֵי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים בְּתוֹךְ עֵץ הַגָּן׃ וַיִּקְרָא יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶל־הָאָדָם וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אַיֶּכָּה׃

     וַיֹּאמֶר אֶת־קֹלְךָ שָׁמַעְתִּי בַּגָּן וָאִירָא כִּי־עֵירֹם אָנֹכִי וָאֵחָבֵא׃

     וַיֹּאמֶר מִי הִגִּיד לְךָ כִּי עֵירֹם אָתָּה הֲמִן־הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִיךָ לְבִלְתִּי אֲכׇל־מִמֶּנּוּ אָכָלְתָּ׃

     וַיֹּאמֶר הָאָדָם הָאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר נָתַתָּה עִמָּדִי הִוא נָתְנָה־לִּי מִן־הָעֵץ וָאֹכֵל׃

     וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים לָאִשָּׁה מַה־זֹּאת עָשִׂית וַתֹּאמֶר הָאִשָּׁה הַנָּחָשׁ הִשִּׁיאַנִי וָאֹכֵל׃

     

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים  אֶל־הַנָּחָשׁ כִּי עָשִׂיתָ זֹּאת אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכׇּל־הַבְּהֵמָה וּמִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה

עַל־גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ

וְעָפָר תֹּאכַל כׇּל־יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ׃

וְאֵיבָה  אָשִׁית בֵּינְךָ וּבֵין הָאִשָּׁה

וּבֵין זַרְעֲךָ וּבֵין זַרְעָהּ

הוּא יְשׁוּפְךָ רֹאשׁ

וְאַתָּה תְּשׁוּפֶנּוּ עָקֵב׃

     אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה אָמַר

הַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה עִצְּבוֹנֵךְ וְהֵרֹנֵךְ

בְּעֶצֶב תֵּלְדִי בָנִים

וְאֶל־אִישֵׁךְ תְּשׁוּקָתֵךְ

וְהוּא יִמְשׇׁל־בָּךְ׃

     וּלְאָדָם אָמַר כִּי־שָׁמַעְתָּ לְקוֹל אִשְׁתֶּךָ וַתֹּאכַל מִן־הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִיךָ לֵאמֹר לֹא תֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ

אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוּרֶךָ

בְּעִצָּבוֹן תֹּאכְלֶנָּה כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ׃

וְקוֹץ וְדַרְדַּר תַּצְמִיחַ לָךְ

וְאָכַלְתָּ אֶת־עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה׃

בְּזֵעַת אַפֶּיךָ תֹּאכַל לֶחֶם

עַד שׁוּבְךָ אֶל־הָאֲדָמָה

כִּי מִמֶּנָּה לֻקָּחְתָּ

כִּי־

עָפָר אַתָּה

וְאֶל־עָפָר תָּשׁוּב׃

 

     וַיִּקְרָא הָאָדָם שֵׁם אִשְׁתּוֹ חַוָּה כִּי הִוא הָיְתָה אֵם כׇּל־חָי׃ וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים לְאָדָם וּלְאִשְׁתּוֹ כׇּתְנוֹת עוֹר וַיַּלְבִּשֵׁם׃ וַיֹּאמֶר  יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה כְּאַחַד מִמֶּנּוּ לָדַעַת טוֹב וָרָע וְעַתָּה  פֶּן־יִשְׁלַח יָדוֹ וְלָקַח גַּם מֵעֵץ הַחַיִּים וְאָכַל וָחַי לְעֹלָם׃ וַיְשַׁלְּחֵהוּ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים מִגַּן־עֵדֶן לַעֲבֹד אֶת־הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר לֻקַּח מִשָּׁם׃ וַיְגָרֶשׁ אֶת־הָאָדָם וַיַּשְׁכֵּן מִקֶּדֶם לְגַן־עֵדֶן אֶת־הַכְּרֻבִים וְאֵת לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַפֶּכֶת לִשְׁמֹר אֶת־דֶּרֶךְ עֵץ הַחַיִּים׃

 

Translator's Note

    Writing a new translation of Genesis, one that stands apart from its forebears, is naturally difficult. In addition to the hundreds of translations into English that have been published since the sixteenth century, the past fifty years have seen the publication of several “literary” translations, inspired by a corresponding flowering of literary study of the text. Taking on this project, then, requires a degree of haughtiness, to assert that there is still more to be said that past translators did not—could not—accomplish. Genesis, however, is deserving of that haughtiness, because thousands of years of readers have demonstrated its near infinite depth.

In order to set my translation apart, I took an unconventional approach. To the best of my ability, and relying on the latest Biblical scholarship, I broke down the text into its earliest sources. I translated these individually, then pieced them back together, like cutting a painting into a jigsaw puzzle and piecing it back together. As a result, I could see and appreciate the minutia of each author’s art on their own terms: the mythical flow of the folklorists, the dense wordplay of the Yahwist author, the rhythmic poetry of the early strands of the Priestly source. I thus avoided the influence of previous translations by, in essence, translating a different “original” text.

The rhythm of the text was difficult enough to convey, but wordplay is where the Hebrew truly shines, and in any text wordplay is among the most challenging features for the translator to recreate. I have spent years identifying such wordplay in the text, analyzing its function, and searching for words in the English language that could carry over the meaning. A translator’s only choice is to have faith in their target language, and thankfully, English is deserving of that faith, its pastiche of root languages lending dozens of options for vocabulary and sentence structure.

The wordplay of Genesis is dense and meaningful, especially when taken as a whole; it was difficult to choose a representative selection. I have chosen to publish my rendition of the Garden of Eden story because of its familiarity to most readers. Sometimes, sound-play that seems insignificant on the page becomes a delight when read aloud, such as in the story’s opening sentences:

B’yom asot Yahweh Elohim erets v’shamayim v’khol siach hasadeh terem yihiyeh ba’arets v’khol esev hasadeh terem yitsmah, ki lo himtir Yahweh Elohim al haarets v’adam ayin laavod et haadama v’eid yaaleh min haarets l’hashkot et p’nei haadama

In the day the land and sky were made, there was no grass upon the ground and all the grain had yet to grow, for Yahweh had not rained on the land, nor were there humans to work the earth, though a mist would rush up over the land and soak the face of the earth.

Both the original Hebrew and my English translation use consonance to weave the units together. This is especially apparent when the sounds echo one another in spelling and meaning, as terem (“before”) resonates with himtir (“rain”), signifying how rain separates the dry primordial world from the world of creation; I have preserved this through the wordplay between “grain” and “rain.” Simple sounds, like the sh in l’hashkot and “rush,” tangibly convey the sound and sensation of water washing over dry land.

In other cases, the wordplay is even more significant, but harder to convey. For thousands of years, commentators and scholars have noted the wordplay between the humans’ nakedness, “arumim” and the snake’s cunning, “arum,” for which the same word is used. The connection seems to point toward the result of gaining knowledge: the loss of innocence and the consequent responsibility to choose between evil (cunning) and good (a return to innocence), coupled with the fear and pain of making such decisions. It was difficult to find a pun that could convey this, so instead I chose to make the snake “crafty,” echoing Yahweh’s “crafting” of the human, and indicating humanity’s potential to transcend its crafted-ness. This idea is referred to through the same wordplay throughout the Primeval History (Genesis 1-11).

The cadence, wordplay, and sound-play of the Hebrew are aspects of the text that no translation to date has properly conveyed, to my mind. It is my hope, therefore, that the very experience of reading this translation will feel tangibly different to past translations.


Dov Greenwood

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