CHILDHOOD

CHINGHIZ AITMATOV TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN BY DAN SZETELA

Art by Hanna Priemetzhofer

My First Honorarium

 

My first honorarium was one I received on the jailoo.

          By that time, the people had already been assembled on kolkhozes; the process of collectivization had been completed. But our neighbors continued out of habit to caravan to the jailoo with herds of horses. It seemed to me then that the horses waited all year for the time when they’d find themselves in the mountains, on the jailoo. Even now I feel certain that if the Almighty had granted them thoughts and dreams, then on long and bitter winter nights they’d recall the blessed, lush, alpine meadow pastures, the pure water of the mountain rivulets, the soft earth sinking beneath their unshod hooves… It seemed that in winter they calmly tolerated frigid cold and blizzards, so as to feel summer’s rain showers running down their backs, so as to spend nights beneath the sky of the jailoo, where nearby stars winked at them with their myriad  mischievous eyes.

          One day, our tranquil life on the jailoo was disturbed. Some grown-ups gathered worriedly not far from my grandmother’s yurt. They were herdsmen. It turned out that an enormous black stallion, a herd leader, had fallen. In those times all problems were resolved with the help of elders and those seasoned by life. That’s why the herdsmen had gathered by our yurt. 

          It’s common knowledge that to improve an animal species, one must, over the course of many years, experiment with cross-breeding. Then patiently await the results. I learned this at the agricultural institute, where I studied in the Department of Zootechnics and Veterinary Science. During collectivization the question of how to improve kolkhoz flocks and herds was critical. To this end, bull studs, stallions, and rams were purchased at great cost in faraway countries.

          The enormous herd leader that had fallen on the jailoo was, it turned out, one of these breeding stallions, purchased near the Don for an enormous sum. All at once, we little boys understood why the herdsmen called him the “Don Stallion.” Before, we’d had no reason to wonder where he came from, this formidable and pugnacious lead stallion who didn’t allow a single outsider near his mares… 

          The Don Stallion died unexpectedly. That year we were camped in a mountain tract called Uu-Saz, which translates into Russian as “yadovityi lug” (“poisonous meadow”). We kids were warned about the many poisonous plants there. Our horses knew the grasses well and avoided the poisonous ones. Only our “guest from the Don” didn’t know the difference. Clearly he’d stuffed himself with poisonous grasses and perished.

          All us boys ran to where the Don Stallion lay. His long legs with enormous hooves were outstretched, his stomach was so bloated we thought it would burst. His head, with glazed-over eyes and bared teeth, was twisted strangely.

          Several of the herdsmen who’d gathered around the massive corpse, sighed and shared hypotheses. How could it be that such a strong and healthy stallion had just up and died? Much later, as an adult, I understood the herdsmens’ grief. It wasn’t only the stallion’s death that distressed them, but its possible consequences. For in those times, even the most seemingly innocuous occurrence might be viewed as sabotage. The loss of a breeding stallion could cost the leaders of the kolkhoz and the herdsmen dearly.

          Based on what the adults were saying, I understood that it was necessary to write up a report explaining the reason for the stallion’s death.

          A messenger was sent to the valley. The next day he returned to the jailoo with a veterinarian—a Russian man with hair the color of straw. Speaking Kyrgyz, the herdsmen related the cause of the stallion’s loss. The veterinarian didn’t understand, and looking first at the wildly gesticulating herdsmen, then at the stallion’s carcass, he found no observable reason for its death. In those days, few people had a strong command of both Kyrgyz and Russian.

          Then one of the herdsmen recalled that Grandma Aiymkan’s grandson spoke Russian.

          I was playing with friends when Grandma approached me and took me by the arm:

          “Let’s go, you’re going to translate for the adults!”

          Wrapped up in the game, I tried to break free, but Grandma was unyielding:

          “Shame on you! You know Russian! What will your relatives say if you don’t help them?”

          Saying such things, she led me to the spot where the stallion had died, and where everyone was standing.

          The light-haired Russian turned to me:

          “Hey, kid! How are ya?”

          Everyone froze, their eyes glued to us. I backed away in embarrassment. The Russian smiled and repeated his greeting.

          “Hello!” I said, forcing out the words and clinging to Grandma.

          “Have you come to help me, son? I see you’re a bright kid. Tell me, what happened to this stallion?” Crouching down, the Russian regarded me in a very serious, but friendly, manner.

          One of the herdsmen, an elder, approached me, stroked my head with his calloused palm, and started to explain why the stallion had died.

          “Son, you tell this Russian that many poisonous grasses grow in our mountains. And the Don Stallion stuffed himself full of them. Our horses know which grasses to graze on and which to avoid. But this stallion was on the jailoo for the first time, and didn’t know the difference. Tell  him, just like that.”

          Again, I took a few steps back, but the herdsmen enclosed me in a tight circle.

          “What’d he say, kid?” The Russian man asked, unable to hold back.

          “The stallion stuffed himself full of poisonous grasses, uncle.”

          “What do you mean?! What poisonous grasses?” The Russian asked, raising his eyebrows.

          “In our mountains there are many poisonous grasses. Our horses know them and don’t eat them. But this stallion didn’t know the difference,” I continued quickly.

          Again, the elder herdsman turned to me:

          “Look, the stallion’s stomach is bloated precisely because he stuffed himself full of those harmful grasses.”

          Speaking more slowly, I translated these words too.

          “Well done, kid! Now it all makes sense. Seems we can write up a report.” The veterinarian sat on the grass and, right there, he wrote a report in his notebook on the Don Stallion’s death.

          Several of the herdsmen signed the report and then, as a group, they led the Russian to my grandmother’s yurt. There, a black lamb had been butchered, and soon a fire was blazing cheerfully under the kazan.

          I was playing with some friends nearby when they called me to the yurt. My grandmother sat proudly in the place of honor next to our Russian guest. One of the older men held out a big meaty bone to me:

          “You really helped us today. Without you, we couldn’t have explained to the Russian veterinarian why the stallion died. Here’s the honorary ustukan.” (In Kyrgyz culture, meat is distributed by seniority.)

          I accepted this, my first honorarium, and took it over to my friends. We enjoyed it together right there and then.

          It was my first time serving as a translator from Kyrgyz to Russian, and from Russian to Kyrgyz.

          Since that distant time and to this day, I have continued to serve these two languages, cultures, and peoples. This childhood incident was my first experience in the role of translator. And it didn’t remain just another moment among many, but stirred something in my childish soul, leaving an indelible mark. Everything I’ve done since stems from this first attempt to achieve mutual understanding between people. Fate gifted me the opportunity to live and work in two wonderful languages. One is my native language, Kyrgyz, and the other is Russian, the language of a people with whom we have been connected by close ties of brotherhood since the 18th century. A language which has played and continues to play an important role in the historical and cultural development of all of Turkestan, and whose possession is vital in our time.

          I learned this in my early childhood…

 

*

 

Jamila and Daniyar

 

I’ve already mentioned that I wrote Jamila  while studying at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow. I remember my Tverskoy Boulevard apartment well, the one where the novella took its final form. Often, when I visit Moscow, I walk by the building, look up at its windows, and recall the years from 1956–58, a wonderful time when I was both a student and an adult. Initially the novella was named Melody. In fact, it first appeared in Kyrgyz under that name. Of course the melody refers to the love song that Jamila and Daniyar sing while riding down the nighttime road in a cart.

          Now, listening to the radio or cassette player in my car, I try to compare my current feelings with those I experienced in early youth, when, after a day’s work, I would stretch out in exhaustion on the straw carpeting my cart. And then I’d look around and listen to some simple melody being crooned by the driver or one of my friends. What wonderful times, and what a marvelous memory! But what pours from the open windows of the cars darting by us now?! Hard rock, pop music, or what is now called “estrada.” How my beloved character Daniyar would pity today’s youth, trying to express their love with such music, sunken in the soft, leather seats of roaring automobiles.

          Alongside its progressive attributes, the rapid development of technology brings much that is negative. Recorded music on cassettes and CDs can limit, or even negate, a person’s opportunities and desire to create music. After all, wonderful melodies can be born from the magical feelings which envelop lovers when they’re alone. But will a tired traveler strike up a melody when music thunders  from the radio?! At best, he may adjust to it and sing along. Before, people on the road sang their own songs. They tried in this way to convey to their companions their sadness, love, thoughts, and feelings. Is it even possible to count how many beautiful melodies and tender feelings were conceived in such moments? For a person’s inner world is unfathomable and forever changing, regenerating... 

          Everything in this life has its time, its moment. For my Daniyar, the road was his time to sing his own magical melody, telling the world and, most importantly, his beloved about his deepest feelings.

          The novella’s plot was drawn from my life. During my process of writing, I always recall the Second World War. This war, which brought innumerable calamities and millions of deaths, not only for my people but for all humanity, has clearly impacted our moral fabric, our oldest traditions and customs.

          From time immemorial, young women became integral members of their new family upon getting married—it was there they were meant to find their place. “The stone should lie where it falls,” our ancestors said, meaning the woman belonged to her new family until the end of her life. In times past, there was an unwritten law among the Kyrgyz according to which a young widowed woman would be given in marriage to the younger brother or close relative of her deceased husband. This especially concerned women who had children. The goal, first and foremost, was to keep the children from being orphaned, to avoid the loss of working hands and the weakening of the family. But the Second World War, having taken the lives of millions of young soldiers, amended such unwritten rules and laws.

          It was one such violation of centuries-old tradition that served as the impetus for Jamila.

          The two sons of a distant relative were called to the front. And literally the day before, the older brother had gotten married. It’s after him that I modeled Jamila’s husband in the novella. Neither brother returned from the war. 

          Jamila’s prototype was a young woman, cheerful and beloved by all her neighbors. She was born in the neighboring aiyl of Kök-Say. For us this meant nothing. My forebears had long taken brides from afar and sent their daughters off for marriage, even as far as Kazakhstan. I’ve already forgotten which family this young woman married into. Anyway, that’s not the point.

          The Kyrgyz word “kelin” is based on the root “kel”—“come, enter.” A kelin is a young girl entering her husband’s family as a bride. Having grown up in a different family, in an entirely different environment, the girl becomes not just a wife, but also a member of the extended family; she becomes kin. She must accept all the traditions and customs of her new family and, in contemporary parlance, assimilate into it.

          By the time the novella takes place, the first wounded soldiers were returning to the aiyl. Many evacuees were arriving, too.

          In 1942–43, several peoples of the Caucasus were deported to Central Asia and Siberia. In those years there were a lot of Chechens, Karachays, Circassians, and Balkars among us. The Soviet authorities called this violence against entire peoples a “return to their historical motherlands.”

          More and more wounded soldiers trickled back to Sheker and the neighboring villages. Some had been raised in orphanages.

          If I’m not mistaken, Daniyar’s prototype was said to be from Kazakhstan and to have grown up in an orphanage. Truthfully, in those early years, I had no idea that I’d someday write a book. Otherwise I’d have tried to find out more about these people.

          I became an involuntary witness to the love between the neighbor girl and the evacuee. Every evening they would wait for each other, and then sit close together in a cart and ride off. They were trying to find privacy in the boundless steppe. 

          One day our whole aiyl was thrown into a panic. It turned out the bride had run away during the night with “Daniyar the cripple.” I found out about this from Auntie Karakyz.

          “Those scoundrels! Turns out they’ve been living as husband and wife!” she yelled out in the yard. 

          “You mean you didn’t know?” I said, unwittingly adding fuel to the fire.

          Then all of Karakyz Apa’s indignation seemed to explode. 

          “What a disgrace! Husband’s at the front fighting the enemy, and the wife goes off with some kind of tramp! Shame, shame, forgive me, Lord! She’s brought shame on our whole family…!” She went silent then and looked at me with suspicion. “You mean you knew about their relationship? Perhaps, you even sympathized and helped them?!”

          I lowered my head and said nothing. How could I respond? Jamila and Daniyar had worked hauling wheat from the fields. I’d worked with them many times and, of course, couldn’t fail to see that they were drawn to one another.

          “Someone saw Daniyar at the bazaar. They’re probably headed for the railway station. Go quick and find Jamila! Explain what’s going on here! Jamila may reconsider and return! We’ll forgive her! Hurry!” yelled Karakyz Apa.

          I rode to the station and even from afar I could see the rebellious couple. They walked, holding hands tightly. I stopped a little ways off. What could I say to them?

          Suddenly Jamila, as if sensing my gaze, turned around, recognized me, and, quickly approaching, took my horse by the bridle.

          “They’re saying you should come back,” I just barely uttered, not looking up at her. 

          “Not a chance. I understand why… But I won’t go back. I love this man. Wherever he goes, so will I…”

          This response from Jamila seemed to lift a heavy burden from my adolescent soul.

          Back at home, I told Karakyz Apa about the exchange. My aunt cursed Jamila loudly.

          Many years later, I, too, was the object of such curses from eminent people, bearers of rank and regalia…

          After the release of Jamila, one of our famous writers criticized it. At a Party meeting, he spoke out strongly to the public, saying that the form and content of literary works should correspond to the politics of the Communist Party, that writers must strictly adhere to the principles of socialist realism. After all, he claimed, every instance of divorce is a problem of enormous magnitude, one which should be discussed by the Party. For the Party is the bastion of the family that protects its integrity, and the plot of my novella went against this principle.

          In those years, men who divorced their wives were reprimanded, and then excluded from the Party, which automatically led to the loss of work. In literature, divorced characters were supposed to be depicted negatively. But, exclaimed our indignant champion of family values, in Aitmatov’s work, it’s the opposite.

          When I was working on the novella, I didn’t think at all about such consequences. Jamila, from the moment of its appearance, attracted great interest in our country and abroad. The book was heatedly discussed everywhere. As is often the case, my overnight success came as a considerable shock to my friends and colleagues: many preferred to keep quiet about the novella. It was only a few “old-timers,” as we called them, who lambasted the book with might and main.

          This was the type of “criticism,” to put it mildly, I was myself subjected to.

          At the Writer’s Union, like everywhere else in those years, there were many Party meetings. Without permission from the Partkom, one couldn’t become a member of the Union, so everyone strove to join the Party. High-ranking government officials attended Party meetings. They told us writers how and in what spirit to educate the people, and what to write about. Often, criticism of books which did not, in their opinion, conform to socialist realism, was also aired.

          At one of these Party meetings, one of our so-called old-timers gave a speech. To this day, I remember it almost word for word:

          “We’re here to exchange ideas on how to educate young writers. But tell me how we can nurture them, if they… are on a false path? If they construct their works upon a criminal foundation, poisoning all of our literature?! Recently I had a work trip to Issyk-Kul. At one of the kolkhozes I went out into the fields, to see how our valiant laborers were working, speak with them. Soon, I heard the rumble of the wheels of a two-horse britzka behind me. I stepped to the side of the road to let the cart by, but the driver himself stopped his horses. The horses were plump. By the driver’s appearance, I understood  he was one of the kolkhoz’s directors.

          ‘Where you off to, baike?’ he asked, smiling at me.

          ‘I’m just going to the field camp to get acquainted with people.’

          ‘Ah hah, I only just recognized you. You’re that famous writer, right?’

          ‘That’s right, I am he.’

          ‘Jump in, I’ll show you everything you need to see.’

          I accepted his offer and sat next to him. After some time this man again turned to me:

          ‘Since you’re a writer, have you met Aitmatov?’

          ‘Of course, I know him well,’ I said in surprise.

          ‘Then tell him, if I ever see him I’ll gladly give him a good smack!’

          ‘What for?’ I was even more awe-struck.

          ‘For Jamila. You call that a book?! Husband’s at the front, and she runs away with some kind of wandering tramp. They shouldn’t publish such books! That’s what the people think! It’s a shame I don’t have my kamcha now. If Aitmatov were here… I’d give him a hiding!’” 

          Satisfied with his speech, the old-timer got down from the platform.

          Obviously, this upset me, but what could I do? Among those present, some laughed, some grinned good-naturedly. But from various seats I heard nasty remarks: That’s right! Such dreadful writers deserve a beating! They’re stirring up the people! It’s the influence of the bourgeoisie! Class enemies never sleep!

          What could I say or do in such a situation? No wonder they say silence is golden!